Ko te waikura tētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui e hua aitakirerekino. Nō reira, i roto itakirerete tiakitanga, he mea nui te ārai-waikura o te takirere hei whakaaroaro.
Takirereāhua waikura
Ko te waikura matū me te waikura hiko te take matua o te waikura o ngā konganuku, ā, ko te waikura o ngā rauemi kore-konganuku he take matua nā ngā mahi matū me ngā mahi ā-tinana tika.
1. Te waikura matū
I raro i te āhuatanga kāore he iahiko e puta mai ana, ka tauhohe tika te rauemi e karapoti ana ki te konganuku, ka whakangaro i a ia, pērā i te waikura o te konganuku e te hau maroke pāmahana teitei me te otinga kore-hiko.
2. Te waikura o te konukōre
Ka pā te konganuku ki te irahiko, ka rere ngā irahiko, ka pakaru i a ia anō e te mahi hikohiko, koinei te momo matua o te waikura.
Ko te waikura wai tote waikawa-pūtake noa, te waikura āhuarangi, te waikura oneone, te waikura wai moana, te waikura moroiti, te waikura poka me te waikura kapiti o te maitai kore waikura, he waikura hikohiko katoa. Ehara i te mea ka puta noa te waikura hikohiko i waenga i ngā matū e rua ka whai wāhi matū, engari ka puta hoki ngā rerekētanga pūmanawa nā te rerekētanga kukū o te waikura, te rerekētanga kukū o te hāora e karapoti ana, te rerekētanga iti o te hanganga o te matū, me ētahi atu, ā, ka whiwhi i te mana o te waikura, kia ngaro ai te konganuku he iti te pūmanawa me te tūranga o te pereti rā maroke.
Te tere o te waikura o te takirere
E ono ngā taumata o te tere o te waikura:
(1) Ātete rawa ki te waikura: he iti iho i te 0.001 mm/tau te tere o te waikura
(2) Tino ātete ki te waikura: te tere waikura 0.001 ki te 0.01 mm/tau
(3) Ātete waikura: tere waikura 0.01 ki te 0.1 mm/tau
(4) Ātete tonu ki te waikura: te tere o te waikura 0.1 ki te 1.0 mm/tau
(5) Ātete waikura ngoikore: tere waikura 1.0 ki te 10 mm/tau
(6) Kāore e ātete ki te waikura: he nui ake te tere o te waikura i te 10 mm/tau
E iwa ngā mahi ārai-waikura
1. Kōwhiria ngā rauemi ātete-waikura e ai ki te rauemi waikura
I roto i te hanga tuturu, he tino uaua te waikura o te reo, ahakoa he rite te rauemi takirere e whakamahia ana i roto i te reo kotahi, he rerekē te kukū, te pāmahana me te pēhanga o te reo, ā, kāore te waikura o te reo ki te rauemi e rite ana. Mō ia pikinga 10°C o te pāmahana reo, ka piki te tere waikura mā te 1~3 ngā wā.
He nui te pānga o te kukū waenga ki te waikura o te rauemi takirere, pērā i te mea kei roto te mata i te waikawa whanariki me te kukū iti, he tino iti te waikura, ā, ina neke atu te kukū i te 96%, ka piki tere te waikura. Ko te maitai waro, he tino kino te waikura ina tata ki te 50% te kukū o te waikawa whanariki, ā, ina piki te kukū ki te neke atu i te 60%, ka heke tere te waikura. Hei tauira, he tino waikura te konumohe i roto i te waikawa hauota kukū me te kukū neke atu i te 80%, engari he tino waikura i roto i te kukū waenga me te iti o te waikawa hauota, ā, he tino ātete te maitai kore waikura ki te waikawa hauota waimeha, engari ka kino ake i roto i te neke atu i te 95% te waikawa hauota kukū.
Mai i ngā tauira o runga ake nei, ka kitea ko te whiriwhiri tika i ngā rauemi takirere me ahu mai i te āhuatanga motuhake, me tātari i ngā āhuatanga rerekē e pā ana ki te waikura, me te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi e ai ki ngā pukapuka ā-ringa ārai-waikura e tika ana.
2. Whakamahia ngā rauemi kore-whakarewa
He tino pai te ātete ki te waikura kore-whakarewa, mena ka tutuki te pāmahana me te pēhanga o te takirere i ngā whakaritenga o ngā rauemi kore-whakarewa, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakaoti i te raruraru waikura, engari ka taea hoki te whakaora i ngā konganuku utu nui. Ka hangaia te tinana takirere, te taupoki, te arai, te mata hiri me ētahi atu rauemi kore-whakarewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
Ko ngā kirihou pēnei i te PTFE me te polyether chlorine, tae atu ki te rapa maori, te neoprene, te rapa nitrile me ētahi atu rapa e whakamahia ana mō te arai takirere, ā, ko te tinana matua o te taupoki o te tinana takirere he mea hanga ki te rino maka me te maitai waro. Ehara i te mea ka whakapūmau noa i te kaha o te takirere, engari ka whakapūmau hoki kia kore te takirere e waikura.
I ēnei rā, kua piki haere te maha o ngā kirihou pēnei i te nairona me te PTFE e whakamahia ana, ā, ko te rapa maori me te rapa hangai e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā momo mata hiri me ngā mowhiti hiri, e whakamahia ana ki ngā momo takirere. Ko ēnei rauemi kore-whakarewa e whakamahia ana hei mata hiri ehara i te mea he pai te ātete ki te waikura anake, engari he pai hoki te mahi hiri, he mea tino pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā rauemi me ngā matūriki. Ko te tikanga, he iti ake te kaha me te ātete ki te wera, ā, he iti noa te whānuitanga o ngā tono.
3. Te maimoatanga mata whakarewa
(1) Hononga takirere: Ko te hononga takirere he mea pania ki te whakapūmau, ki te whakakikorua i te kōrome, me te whakapūmau (kikorangi) hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura hau me te waikura waenga. Haunga ngā tikanga kua whakahuatia ake nei, ka pania hoki ētahi atu whakapiri ki ngā maimoatanga mata pēnei i te whakapūmau i runga i te āhuatanga.
(2) Te hiri i te mata me ngā wāhanga kua kati me te diameter iti: ka whakamahia ngā tukanga mata pēnei i te nitriding me te boronizing hei whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te kakahu.
(3) Te ārai i te waikura o te kakau: he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te nitriding, te boronization, te whakakikorua chrome, te whakakikorua nickel me ētahi atu tukanga maimoatanga mata hei whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura, te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te pakū.
Me whai tikanga ngā maimoatanga mata rerekē mō ngā rauemi kakau me ngā taiao mahi rerekē, i roto i te āhuarangi, te reo kohu wai me te kakau whakapiri asbestos, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakakikorua chrome mārō, te tukanga hau nitriding (kaua te maitai kore waikura e whakamahi i te tukanga hau nitriding ion): i roto i te taiao āhuarangi hauwai whanariki mā te whakamahi i te whakakikorua hiko he pai ake te mahi tiaki o te paninga nikara phosphate teitei; ka taea hoki e te 38CrMOAIA te ātete ki te waikura mā te hau nitriding ion me te hau, engari kāore e pai te whakamahi i te paninga chrome mārō; ka taea e te 2Cr13 te ātete ki te waikura haukini i muri i te tinei me te whakamahana, ā, ka taea hoki e te maitai waro mā te hau nitriding te ātete ki te waikura haukini, ko ngā paparanga whakakikorua phosphate-nickel katoa kāore e ātete ki te waikura haukini, ā, he tino pai te ātete waikura me te mahi whānui o te rauemi hau nitriding 38CrMOAIA, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei hanga kakau takirere.
(4) Te tinana o te takirere iti-rahi me te wira ringaringa: He maha hoki ngā wā ka pania ki te kōrome hei whakapai ake i tōna ātete ki te waikura me te whakapaipai i te takirere.
4. Te rehu wera
Ko te rehu wera he momo tikanga tukatuka mō te whakarite paninga, ā, kua noho hei tētahi o ngā hangarau hou mō te tiaki i te mata o ngā rauemi. He tikanga tukanga whakapakari mata e whakamahi ana i ngā pūtake wera kiato teitei (mura mura hau, pewa hiko, pewa plasma, whakamahana hiko, pahūtanga hau, me ētahi atu) hei whakamahana me te whakarewa i ngā rauemi whakarewa, rauemi kore-whakarewa rānei, ka rehu ki te mata taketake kua tukatukahia i mua i te āhua o te atomization hei hanga paninga rehu, hei whakamahana rānei i te mata taketake i te wā kotahi, kia rewa anō te paninga ki te mata o te papa hei hanga i tētahi tukanga whakapakari mata o te paparanga whakarewa rehu.
Ko te nuinga o ngā konganuku me ō rātou koranu, ngā uku waikura konganuku, ngā hiato cermet me ngā matū konganuku mārō ka taea te pani ki runga i ngā papa whakarewa, kore-konganuku rānei mā te whakamahi i tētahi, i ētahi rānei tikanga rehu wera, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te mata, te ātete kakahu, te ātete pāmahana teitei me ētahi atu āhuatanga, me te whakaroa i te roa o te mahi. He paninga mahi motuhake te rehu wera, me te whakamarumaru wera, te whakamarumaru (te hiko rerekē rānei), te hiri ka taea te huri, te whakahinuhinu-ake, te irahiko wera, te tiaki hikohiko me ētahi atu āhuatanga motuhake, mā te whakamahi i te rehu wera ka taea te whakatika i ngā wāhanga.
5. Peita rehu
He tikanga whānui te paninga hei ārai i te waikura, ā, he rauemi ārai waikura me te tohu tautuhi nui i runga i ngā hua takirere. He rauemi kore-whakarewa anō hoki te paninga, he mea hanga i te nuinga o te wā mai i te kapia hangai, te paru rapa, te hinu huawhenua, te whakarewa, me ētahi atu, hei hipoki i te mata whakarewa, hei wehe i te reo me te āhuarangi, hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te ārai waikura.
Ko te nuinga o ngā paninga ka whakamahia ki te wai, ki te wai tote, ki te wai moana, ki te āhuarangi me ētahi atu taiao kāore i te tino waikura. He maha ngā wā ka pania te kōhao o roto o te takirere ki te peita ārai-waikura hei ārai i te wai, te hau me ētahi atu mea kei waikura i te takirere.
6. Tāpirihia ngā aukati waikura
Ko te tikanga e whakahaere ai ngā aukati waikura i te waikura, ko te whakatairanga i te porowhita o te pākahiko. Ko ngā aukati waikura te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rauemi me ngā whakakī. Mā te tāpiri i ngā aukati waikura ki te rauemi ka taea te whakaroa i te waikura o ngā taputapu me ngā takirere, pērā i te maitai kore waikura chromium-nickel i roto i te waikawa whanariki kore-hāora, he nui te awhe wairewa ki roto i te āhua tahu, he kino ake te waikura, engari mā te tāpiri i te iti o te konupora whanariki, te waikawa hauota rānei me ētahi atu waikura, ka taea te huri i te maitai kore waikura ki te āhua pūngoi, ka pania te mata ki te kiriata tiaki hei ārai i te waikura o te rauemi, ki te tāpirihia he iti o te waikura, ka taea te whakaiti i te waikura o te titanium.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te whakamātautau pēhanga takirere hei huarahi whakamātautau pēhanga, he mea ngāwari ki te whakakino i te waikura o tetakirere, ā, mā te tāpiri i tētahi iti o te konutai nitrite ki te wai ka ārai i te waikura o te takirere e te wai. Kei roto i te takai asbestos te hauota, ka tino waikura te kakau o te takirere, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te hauota mēnā ka whakamahia te tikanga horoi wai korohū, engari he tino uaua tēnei tikanga ki te whakatinana, ā, kāore e taea te rongonui whānuitia, ā, he pai anake mō ngā hiahia motuhake.
Hei tiaki i te kakau takirere me te ārai i te waikura o te takai asbestos, i roto i te takai asbestos, ka pania te aukati waikura me te konganuku patunga tapu ki runga i te kakau takirere, ko te aukati waikura he mea hanga mai i te konutai nitrite me te konutai chromate, ka taea te whakaputa i tētahi kiriata passivation ki runga i te mata o te kakau takirere me te whakapai ake i te ātete waikura o te kakau takirere, ā, ka taea e te whakarewa te mea kia puhoi te memeha o te aukati waikura me te whai wāhi ki te whakahinuhinu; Inaa, he aukati waikura hoki te konutea, ka taea te whakakotahi tuatahi me te konupūmā i roto i te asbestos, kia tino whakaitihia ai te whai wāhitanga ki te pa atu ki te konupūmā me te konganuku kakau, kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te ārai waikura.
7. Te tiaki hikohiko
E rua ngā momo tiaki hikohiko: te tiaki anodic me te tiaki cathodic. Mena ka whakamahia te konutea hei tiaki i te rino, ka waikura te konutea, ka kiia te konutea he konganuku patunga tapu, i roto i te mahi whakaputa, he iti ake te whakamahinga o te tiaki anode, he nui ake te whakamahinga o te tiaki cathodic. Ka whakamahia tēnei tikanga tiaki cathodic mō ngā takirere nui me ngā takirere nui, he tikanga ohanga, ngāwari me te whai hua, ā, ka tāpirihia te konutea ki te takai asbestos hei tiaki i te kakau takirere.
8. Whakahaerehia te taiao waikura
E rua ngā momo o te taiao e kiia nei ko te taiao whānui me te taiao whaiti. Ko te taiao whānui e pā ana ki te taiao e karapoti ana i te wāhi tāutanga o te takirere me tōna reo tohanga ā-roto, ā, ko te taiao whaiti e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga e karapoti ana i te wāhi tāutanga o te takirere.
Ko te nuinga o ngā taiao kāore e taea te whakahaere, ā, kāore e taea te whakarerekē noa i ngā tukanga whakaputa. Mēnā kāore he kino ki te hua me te tukanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te tikanga whakahaere i te taiao, pērā i te tango hāora i roto i te wai kohua, te tāpiri kawakore ki te tukanga whakamahine hinu hei whakatika i te uara PH, me ētahi atu. Mai i tēnei tirohanga, ko te tāpiri i ngā aukati waikura me te tiaki hikohiko kua whakahuatia ake nei he huarahi anō hoki hei whakahaere i te taiao waikura.
Kī tonu te āhuarangi i te puehu, te kohu wai me te paoa, inā koa i roto i te taiao whakaputa, pērā i te paoa tote, ngā hau paitini me te paura pai e tukuna ana e ngā taputapu, ka puta ai he waikura rerekē ki te takirere. Me horoi, me horoi hoki e te kaiwhakahaere te takirere i ia wā, me te whakakī anō i ia wā kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o ngā tikanga whakahaere, he mahi whai hua tēnei hei whakahaere i te waikura taiao. Ko te tāuta i tētahi taupoki tiaki ki te kakau takirere, te whakatakoto i tētahi puna whenua ki runga i te takirere whenua, me te rehu peita ki te mata o te takirere he huarahi katoa hei ārai i te waikura o ngā matū waikura.takirere.
Mā te pikinga ake o te pāmahana taiao me te parahanga o te hau, inā koa mō ngā taputapu me ngā takirere i roto i te taiao kati, ka tere ake te waikura, ā, me whakamahi i ngā awheawhe tuwhera, i ngā tikanga hauhautanga me te whakamatao rānei kia taea ai te whakaroa i te waikura o te taiao.
9. Whakapai ake i te hangarau tukatuka me te hanganga takirere
Ko te parenga ā-waikura o tetakirereHe raruraru tēnei kua whakaarohia mai i te tīmatanga o te hoahoa, ā, ko te hua takirere me te hoahoa hanganga whaitake me te tikanga tukatuka tika ka tino whai hua ki te whakaroa i te waikura o te takirere. Nō reira, me whakapai ake e te tari hoahoa me te hanga ngā wāhanga kāore i te whaitake te hoahoa hanganga, ngā tikanga tukatuka hē, me ngā wāhanga ngāwari ki te waikura, kia taea ai te urutau ki ngā whakaritenga o ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-22-2025
