Te whanaketanga tonu o te umanga takirere (1967-1978)
01 Kua pāngia te whanaketanga o te ahumahi
Mai i te tau 1967 ki te tau 1978, nā ngā panonitanga nui o te taiao pāpori, kua tino pāngia hoki te whanaketanga o te umanga takirere. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua ko:
1. Te takirere ka tino heke te putanga, ā, ka tino heke te kounga
2. Te takirere kua pāngia te pūnaha rangahau pūtaiao kua tīmata te hanga
3. Ka noho poto anō ngā hua takirere pēhanga waenga
4. I tīmata te puta mai o te hanga kore whakamahere o ngā takirere pēhanga teitei me te waenga
02 Me mahi i ngā mahi hei whakaroa i te "raina poto o te takirere"
Te kounga o ngā hua i roto ite takirereKua tino heke te ahumahi, ā, i muri i te hanganga o ngā hua takirere pēhanga teitei me te waenga mō te wā poto, he mea nui tēnei ki te kāwanatanga. I whakatūria e te Tari Taumaha me te Whānui o te Manatū Mīhini Tuatahi he rōpū takirere hei kawenga mō te panonitanga hangarau o te ahumahi takirere. Whai muri i te rangahau hohonu, i tukuna e te rōpū takirere te "Pūrongo mō ngā Whakaaro mō te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Inenga Whakaputa mō ngā Takirere Pēhanga Teitei me te Waenga", i tukuna ki te Komihana Whakamahere ā-Motu. Whai muri i te rangahau, i whakatauhia kia haumihia te 52 miriona yuan ki te ahumahi takirere hei whakahaere i te panonitanga hangarau hei whakaoti i te raruraru o te korenga nui o te pēhanga teitei me te waenga.ngā takirere ā, ka heke te kounga i te wā e taea ai.
1. Ngā hui Kaifeng e rua
I te marama o Mei 1972, i tū te hui ā-motu a te Tari Mīhini TuatahitakirereHuihuinga mahi ahumahi i Kaifeng City, Henan Province. I tae atu ki te hui te katoa o ngā wāhanga 125 me te 198 ngā māngai mai i ngā wheketere takirere 88, ngā whare rangahau me te hoahoa pūtaiao e 8, ngā tari mīhini ā-rohe me ā-tāone 13 me ētahi kaiwhakamahi. I whakatau te hui kia whakahokia mai ngā whakahaere e rua o te ahumahi me te whatunga matauranga, ā, i pōtitia te Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory me te Tieling Valve Factory hei kaiārahi tīma pēhanga teitei me te pēhanga iti, ā, ko te Hefei General Machinery Research Institute me te Shenyang Valve Research Institute te kawenga mō te mahi whatunga matauranga. I kōrerohia, i akohia hoki e te hui ngā take e pā ana ki "ngā whakahoutanga e toru", te whakapai ake i te kounga hua, te rangahau hangarau, te wehenga hua, me te whakawhanake i ngā mahi ahumahi me te matauranga. Mai i taua wā, kua tīmata anō ngā mahi ahumahi me te matauranga kua whakamutua mō ngā tau e ono. He nui te mahi a ēnei mahi ki te whakatairanga i te hanga takirere me te huri i te āhuatanga poto.
2. Tīmata anō i ngā mahi whakahaere ahumahi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero
I muri i te Huihuinga Kaifeng i te tau 1972, ka tīmata anō ngā mahi a ngā rōpū ahumahi. I taua wā, e 72 noa iho ngā wheketere i uru ki te whakahaere ahumahi, ā, he maha ngā wheketere takirere kāore anō kia uru ki te whakahaere ahumahi. Hei whakarite i te maha o ngā wheketere takirere e taea ana, ka whakarite ia rohe i ngā mahi ahumahi. Te Wheketere Takirere Pēhanga Teitei me te Waenga o Shenyang, Te Wheketere Takirere o Beijing, Te Wheketere Takirere o Shanghai, Te Wheketere Takirere o Wuhan,Te Wheketere Takirere o TianjinKo te Gansu High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, me te Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory, ko rātou ngā kawenga mō ngā Rohe o te Tai Rāwhiti, te Tai Raki o Haina, te Tai Rāwhiti o Haina, te Waenganui o te Tonga, te Tai Hauāuru, me te Tonga-māuru. I tēnei wā, he kanorau, he hua hoki ngā mahi takirere me ngā mahi matauranga, ā, he tino rongonui ki ngā wheketere o te umanga. Nā te whanaketanga o ngā mahi umanga, te whakawhitiwhiti wheako maha, te āwhina tahi me te ako tahi, ehara i te mea ko te whakapai ake i te kounga hua anake te mea e whakatairanga ana, engari e whakarei ake ana hoki i te kotahitanga me te whakahoahoa i waenga i ngā wheketere rerekē, kia hanga ai te umanga takirere hei kotahitanga, i roto i te kotahitanga, i te ringa tahi. I te anga whakamua, e whakaatu ana i tētahi tirohanga oraora me te tipu haere.
3. Whakahaerehia ngā "whakahoutanga e toru" o ngā hua takirere
E ai ki te wairua o ngā hui Kaifeng e rua me ngā whakaaro o te Tari Taumaha me te Tari Whānui o te Manatū Mīhini Tuatahi, i whakarite anō te Whare Rangahau Mīhini Whānui i tētahi mahi "whakahoutanga toru" mō ngā takirere nui me te tautoko kaha o ngā wheketere rerekē o te umanga. He mahi hangarau taketake nui te mahi "whakahoutanga toru", he mehua whai hua hei whakatere i te panonitanga hangarau o ngā umanga me te whakapai ake i te taumata o ngā hua takirere. Ka mahi te rōpū mahi "whakahoutanga toru" mō ngā takirere i runga i ngā mātāpono "whā pai" (ngāwari ki te whakamahi, ngāwari ki te hanga, ngāwari ki te whakatika me te taurite pai) me te "whakakotahitanga whā" (tauira, tawhā mahi, hononga me ngā ine whānui, ngā wāhanga paerewa). E toru ngā āhuatanga matua o te mahi, ko tētahi ko te whakangawari i ngā momo kua whakakotahihia; ko tētahi ko te whakatakoto me te whakahou i tētahi puranga paerewa hangarau; ko te tuatoru ko te whiriwhiri me te whakaoti i ngā hua.
4. Kua whakatairangahia e te rangahau hangarau te whanaketanga o te rangahau pūtaiao
(1) Te whakawhanaketanga o ngā tīma rangahau pūtaiao me te hanganga o ngā turanga whakamātautau I te mutunga o te tau 1969, i nekehia te Whare Rangahau Mīhini Whānui mai i Beijing ki Hefei, ā, i whakahoroa te taputapu whakamātautau ātete rere taketake, he nui te pānga ki te rangahau pūtaiao. I te tau 1971, ka hoki mai ngā kairangahau pūtaiao ki te tīma, tētahi i muri i tētahi, ā, ka piki ake te taiwhanga rangahau takirere ki te neke atu i te 30 tāngata, ā, i tukuna e te manatū ki te whakarite rangahau hangarau. I hangaia he taiwhanga māmā, i tāutahia he taputapu whakamātautau ātete rere, ā, i hoahoatia, i hangaia hoki he mīhini whakamātautau pēhanga motuhake, he mīhini tākai me ētahi atu, ā, ka tīmata te rangahau hangarau mō te mata hiri takirere me te tākai.
(2) Ngā Whakatutukitanga Matua I te Huihuinga Kaifeng i tū i te tau 1973, i whakatakotohia te mahere rangahau hangarau mō te umanga takirere mai i te tau 1973 ki te tau 1975, ā, i whakaarohia e 39 ngā kaupapa rangahau matua. I roto i ēnei, e 8 ngā kaupapa tukatuka wera, 16 ngā kaupapa mata hiri, 6 ngā kaupapa tākai, 1 ngā kaupapa taputapu hiko, me 6 ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me te mahi. I muri mai, i roto i te Harbin Welding Research Institute, te Wuhan Material Protection Research Institute, me te Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, i whakatūria he kaimahi motuhake hei whakarite me te whakarite i ngā tirotiro auau, ā, e rua ngā huihuinga mahi mō ngā wāhanga taketake o ngā takirere pēhanga teitei me te waenga i tū hei whakarapopoto i te wheako, te āwhina tahi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ā, i whakatakotohia te 1976 - Te mahere rangahau wāhanga taketake i te tau 1980. Nā te mahi kotahi a te umanga katoa, kua tutuki ngā whakatutukitanga nui i roto i te mahi rangahau hangarau, i whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te rangahau pūtaiao i roto i te umanga takirere. Ko ōna hua matua koia ēnei:
1) Whakapiripiri ki te mata hiri. Ko te whāinga o te rangahau mata hiri he whakaoti rapanga o te turuturu o roto ote takirereI taua wā, ko te nuinga o ngā rauemi mata hiri he 20Cr13 me te 12Cr18Ni9, he iti te pakeke, he ngoikore te ātete ki te kakahu, he nui ngā raruraru turuturu o roto i ngā hua takirere, ā, he poto te roa o te mahi. I whakatūria e te Shenyang Valve Research Institute, te Harbin Welding Research Institute me te Harbin Boiler Factory tētahi rōpū rangahau whakakotahi-toru. I muri i te 2 tau o te mahi uaua, i whakawhanakehia he momo hou o te rauemi mata hiri chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8). He pai te mahi tukatuka o te rauemi. He pai te ātete ki te rakuraku, he roa te roa o te mahi, ā, kāore he nickel me te iti iho o te chromium, ka taea te hanga rauemi i runga i te whare, i muri i te aromatawai hangarau, he tino whai hua mō te whakatairanga.
2) Rangahau whakakī. Ko te kaupapa o te rangahau tākai he whakaoti rapanga i te turuturu o te takirere. I taua wā, ko te nuinga o ngā tākai takirere he asbestos hinu-whakakī me te asbestos rapa, ā, he ngoikore te mahi hiri, ā, i tino turuturu ai te takirere. I te tau 1967, i whakarite te General Machinery Research Institute i tētahi rōpū rangahau turuturu o waho hei tirotiro i ētahi tipu matū, ngā whare hanga hinu me ngā tipu hiko, ā, kātahi ka whakahaere kaha i ngā rangahau whakamātautau ārai-waikura ki runga i te tākai me ngā kakau takirere.
3) Te whakamātautau i te mahi a te hua me te rangahau ariā taketake. I a ia e whakahaere ana i te rangahau hangarau,te umanga takirerei kaha hoki te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau mahi hua me ngā rangahau ariā taketake, ā, he maha ngā hua i tutuki.
5. Whakahaerehia te panonitanga hangarau o ngā umanga
I muri i te Huihuinga Kaifeng i te tau 1973, i whakahaerehia e te umanga katoa te panoni hangarau. Ko ngā raruraru matua i roto i te umanga takirere i taua wā: Tuatahi, he whakamuri te tukanga, he mea hanga-ā-ringa katoa te whakarewanga, he whakarewa kotahi-wahi, ā, ko ngā taputapu mīhini whānui me ngā taputapu whānui i whakamahia mō te mahi makariri. Nā te mea he nui rawa te tāruarua o ngā momo me ngā whakaritenga o ia wheketere, ā, he nui te maha puta noa i te whenua, engari i muri i te tohatoha o ia wheketere, he iti rawa te puranga whakaputa, ka pā ki te whakapau kaha o te whakaputa. Hei whakautu i ngā raruraru o runga ake nei, i whakatakoto te Tari Taumaha me te Whānui o te Manatū Mīhini Tuatahi i ngā mahi e whai ake nei: te whakarite i ngā wheketere takirere pēhanga teitei me te pēhanga waenga, te whakarite i te whakamahere kotahi, te wehewehe tika i te mahi, me te whakawhānui i te whakaputanga papatipu; te whakamahi i te hangarau matatau, te whakatū i ngā raina whakaputa, me te mahi tahi i roto i ngā wheketere me ngā mea koretake matua. E 4 ngā raina whakaputa mea koretake maitai kua whakatūria ki te awheawhe whakarewa maitai, ā, e 10 ngā raina whakaputa tukatuka makariri o ngā wāhanga kua whakatūria ki roto i ngā wheketere matua e ono; e 52 miriona yuan katoa kua whakangaohia ki te panoni hangarau.
(1) Te Hurihanga o te Hangarau Tukatuka Wera I roto i te hurihanga o te hangarau tukatuka wera, kua rongonui haere ngā hangarau pēnei i te pokepokea ai anga karāhe wai, te onepu wai, te pokepokea ai tai me te whakarewa tika. Ka taea e te whakarewa tika te whakatutuki i te miihini kore-maramara, kore-maramara rānei. He pai mō te kuaha, te repe tākai me te tinana takirere me te taupoki o ngā takirere iti te diameter, me ngā painga ōhanga mārama. I te tau 1969, i whakamahia tuatahitia e te Wheketere Takirere Lianggong o Shanghai te tukanga whakarewa tika ki te hanga takirere, mō te PN16, te tinana takirere kuaha DN50,
(2) Te Hurihanga o te Hangarau Mahi Matao I roto i te hurihanga o te hangarau mahi matao, ka whakamahia ngā taputapu mīhini motuhake me ngā raina whakaputa i roto i te umanga takirere. I te tau 1964, i hoahoa, i hangaia hoki e te Wheketere Takirere Nama 7 o Shanghai te raina whakaputa āhua-aunoa mō te tinana takirere kuaha, koinei te raina whakaputa āhua-aunoa tuatahi mō te takirere pēhanga-iti i roto i te umanga takirere. I muri mai, i hoahoa, i hangaia hoki e te Wheketere Takirere Nama 5 o Shanghai te raina whakaputa āhua-aunoa mō te tinana takirere porowhita pēhanga-iti me te taupoki o te DN50 ~ DN100 i te tau 1966.
6. Whakawhanake kaha i ngā momo hou, me te whakapai ake i te taumata o ngā huinga katoa
Hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā huinga taputapu nui-tauine pērā i te hinu, te ahumahi matū, te hiko, te whakarewa me te ahumahi petrochemical, kei te kaha te ahumahi takirere ki te whakawhanake i ngā hua hou i te wā kotahi o te huringa hangarau, kua pai ake te taumata ōrite o ngā hua takirere.
03 Whakarāpopototanga
I te titiro whakamuri ki ngā tau 1967-1978, i puta te whanaketanga otakirere I mua, i tino pāngia te umanga. Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā umanga hinu, matū, hiko, whakarewa me te waro, kua noho ngā takirere pēhanga teitei me te pēhanga waenga hei "hua poto". I te tau 1972, ka tīmata te whakahaere umanga takirere ki te tīmata anō me te whakahaere i ngā mahi. Whai muri i ngā huihuinga Kaifeng e rua, i kaha te whakahaere i ngā "whakahoutanga e toru" me ngā mahi rangahau hangarau, i tīmata ai te ngaru o te panoni hangarau i roto i te umanga katoa. I te tau 1975, ka tīmata te whakatikatika i te umanga takirere, ā, ka pai ake te hanga o te umanga.
I te tau 1973, i whakaaetia e te Komihana Whakamahere ā-Motu ngā mahi hanganga mō te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga o ngā hau pēhanga teitei me te pēhanga waenga.ngā takirereWhai muri i te haumitanga, kua whakahaerehia e te umanga takirere he panonitanga pea. Mā te panonitanga hangarau me te whakatairanga, kua whakamahia ētahi hangarau matatau, kia pai ake ai te taumata o te tukatuka matao i roto i te umanga katoa ki tētahi taumata, ā, kua pai ake hoki te taumata o te miihini o te tukatuka wera ki tētahi taumata. Whai muri i te whakatairanga i te tukanga whakarewa rehu plasma, kua tino pai ake te kounga o te hua o ngā takirere pēhanga teitei me te reo, ā, kua pai ake hoki te raruraru o te "kotahi te poto me te rua te turuturu". Nā te otinga me te mahi o ngā kaupapa hanganga hanganga 32, kua kaha ake te turanga o te umanga takirere o Haina me te kaha ake o te whakaputa. Mai i te tau 1970, kua piki haere tonu te putanga o ngā takirere pēhanga teitei me te reo. Mai i te tau 1972 ki te tau 1975, i piki ake te putanga mai i te 21,284t ki te 38,500t, me te pikinga kupenga o te 17,216t i roto i ngā tau e 4, he rite ki te putanga ā-tau i te tau 1970. Ko te putanga ā-tau o ngā takirere pēhanga-iti kua pumau i te taumata o te 70,000 ki te 80,000 tana. I roto i tēnei wā,te takirere I kaha te whanaketanga o ngā hua hou a te umanga, ehara i te mea ko ngā momo takirere whānui anake kua tino whanakehia, engari ko ngā takirere motuhake mō ngā teihana hiko, ngā paipa, te pēhanga tino teitei, te pāmahana iti me te umanga karihi, te rererangi me ētahi atu takirere motuhake kua tino whanakehia. Mena he wā tino whanaketanga o ngā takirere whānui ngā tau 1960, ko ngā tau 1970 he wā tino whanaketanga o ngā takirere motuhake. Ko te kaha tautoko o te wharengā takirere kua tino whakapaitia, e ea ai ngā hiahia whanaketanga o ngā momo rāngai o te ōhanga ā-motu.
Wā tuku: Akuhata-04-2022
