Tirohanga Whānui
TakirereHe hua nui tēnei i roto i ngā mīhini whānui. Ka tāutahia ki runga i ngā paipa, i ngā taputapu rānei hei whakahaere i te rere o te wai mā te whakarerekē i te horahanga o te awa i roto i te takirere. Ko āna mahi: te hono, te tapahi rānei i te wai, te ārai i te rere o te wai kia hoki mai, te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā pēnei i te pēhanga me te rere o te wai, te whakarerekē i te ahunga rere o te wai, te wehewehe i te wai, te tiaki rānei i ngā paipa me ngā taputapu mai i te pēhanga nui, me ētahi atu.
He maha ngā momo hua takirere, e wehea ana kitakirere kuaha, takirere porowhita,takirere tirotiro, takirere pōro,takirere pūrerehua, takirere mono, takirere diaphragm, takirere haumaru, takirere whakahaere (takirere whakahaere), takirere whakatere, takirere whakaiti pēhanga me ngā mahanga, me ētahi atu; E ai ki te rauemi, ka wehea ki te koranu parahi, te rino maka, te maitai waro, te maitai koranu, te maitai austenitic, te maitai wāhanga-rua ferritic-austenitic, te koranu nikara, te koranu titanium, ngā kirihou hangarau me ngā takirere uku, me ētahi atu. Hei tāpiri, kei reira ngā takirere motuhake pēnei i ngā takirere pēhanga tino teitei, ngā takirere korehau, ngā takirere teihana hiko, ngā takirere mō ngā paipa me ngā paipa, ngā takirere mō te umanga karihi, ngā takirere mō ngā kaipuke me ngā takirere cryogenic. He whānuitanga o ngā tawhā takirere, te rahi ingoa mai i te DN1 (waeine i roto i te mm) ki te DN9750; te pēhanga ingoa mai i te korehau tino nui o te 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) ki te pēhanga tino teitei o PN14600 (waeine o 105 Pa); Ko te pāmahana mahi mai i te pāmahana tino iti o -269℃ki te pāmahana tino teitei o te 1200℃.
Ngā hua takirere e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo rāngai o te ōhanga ā-motu, pērā i te hinu, te hau māori, te tukatuka me te tukatuka hinu me te hau me ngā pūnaha kawe paipa, ngā hua matū, ngā pūnaha whakaputa rongoā me te kai, te hiko wai, te hiko wera me ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko karihi; he maha ngā momo takirere e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha whakamahana me te tuku hiko, ngā pūnaha whakaputa whakarewa, ngā pūnaha wai mō ngā kaipuke, ngā waka, ngā waka rererangi me ngā mīhini hākinakina, me ngā pūnaha whakamakuku me te rerenga wai mō ngā whenua pāmu. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā mara o ngā hangarau hou pērā i te parepare me te rererangi, ka whakamahia hoki ngā takirere maha me ngā āhuatanga motuhake.
He nui te wāhanga o ngā hua mīhini e whakamahia ana i ngā hua takirere. E ai ki ngā tatauranga o ngā whenua ahumahi o tāwāhi, ko te uara putanga o ngā takirere e 5% pea o te uara putanga o te umanga mīhini katoa. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, ko te tipu hiko karihi tuku iho e rua miriona kirowati te rahi, e 28,000 ngā takirere e whakamahia ana, ā, e 12,000 o ēnei he takirere moutere karihi. Ko te matatini matū hinu nui o ēnei rā e hiahia ana ki ngā rau mano o ngā takirere rerekē, ā, ko te haumitanga ki ngā takirere e 8% ki te 10% o te haumitanga katoa ki ngā taputapu.
Te āhua whānui o te umanga takirere i Haina tawhito
01 Te wāhi i whānau ai te umanga takirere o Haina: Shanghai
I Haina tawhito, ko Shanghai te wāhi tuatahi i hangaia ai ngā takirere i Haina. I te tau 1902, ka tīmata te Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, kei Wuchang Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, ki te hanga i ngā puranga iti o ngā taputapu tīpoti mā te ringaringa. He momo tikaokao parahi whakarewa te taputapu tīpoti. Koinei te kaihanga tikaokao tuatahi i Haina e mōhiotia ana tae noa ki tēnei wā. I te tau 1919, ka tīmata te Deda (Shengji) Hardware Factory (te mua o Shanghai Transmission Machinery Factory) mai i tētahi pahikara iti, ā, ka tīmata ki te hanga tikaokao parahi iti te diameter, ngā tikaokao porowhita, ngā tikaokao kuaha me ngā wai whakapūngao ahi. I tīmata te hanga tikaokao rino whakarewa i te tau 1926, me te rahi ingoa mōrahi o NPS6 (i roto i ngā inihi, NPS1 = DN25.4). I tēnei wā, i whakatuwheratia hoki ngā wheketere taputapu pērā i a Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao me Maoxu ki te hanga tikaokao. I muri mai, nā te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō ngā takirere paipa i te mākete, i whakatuwheratia tētahi atu puranga o ngā wheketere taputapu, ngā wheketere rino, ngā wheketere whakarewa onepu me ngā wheketere mīhini ki te hanga takirere tetahi i muri i tetahi.
Kua whakatūria he rōpū hanga takirere i ngā rohe o Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road me Changzhi Road i te Rohe o Hongkou, Shanghai. I taua wā, ko ngā waitohu tino hokohoko i te mākete o roto ko "Horse Head", "Three 8", "Three 9", "Double Coin", "Iron Anchor", "Chicken Ball" me "Eagle Ball". Ko ngā hua takirere parahi me te rino maka iti-pēhanga e whakamahia ana mō ngā takirere paipa i roto i ngā whare me ngā whare horoi, ā, he iti noa ngā takirere rino maka e whakamahia ana i roto i te rāngai ahumahi kakahu māmā. He iti rawa te rahi o ēnei wheketere, he hangarau tawhito, he taputapu tipu māmā me te putanga takirere iti, engari koinei te wāhi whānau tuatahi o te ahumahi takirere o Haina. I muri mai, i muri i te whakatūnga o te Shanghai Construction Hardware Association, kua uru atu ēnei kaihanga takirere ki te rōpū, ā, kua noho hei mema mō te rōpū ara wai.
02E rua ngā whare hanga takirere nui
I te tīmatanga o te tau 1930, i hangaia e te Shanghai Shenhe Machinery Factory ngā takirere keti rino iti-pēhanga i raro i te NPS12 mō ngā mahi wai. I te tau 1935, i whakatūria e te wheketere he hononga tahi me te Xiangfeng Iron Pipe Factory me ngā kaipupuri hea o Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. ki te hanga i te Daxin Iron Factory (te mua o te Shanghai Bicycle Factory), i te tau 1936 i oti ai, ā, i tīmata te hanga, tata ki te 100 ngā kaimahi, me te kawemai i te 2.6 zhang (1 zhang≈3.33m) ngā mīhini hurihuri me ngā taputapu hiki, ko te nuinga o te hanga i ngā taputapu ahumahi me te maina, ngā paipa wai rino maka me ngā takirere rino maka, ko te rahi ingoa o te takirere ko NPS6 ~ NPS18, ā, ka taea e ia te hoahoa me te tuku huinga takirere katoa mō ngā tipu wai, ā, ka kaweakehia ngā hua ki Nanjing, Hangzhou me Beijing. Whai muri i te "13 o Ākuhata" i nohoia ai a Shanghai e ngā kaiwhakaeke Hapanihi i te tau 1937, ko te nuinga o ngā tipu me ngā taputapu i roto i te wheketere i whakangaromia e ngā pū a Hapanihi. I te tau i muri mai ka piki ake te whakapaipai, ā, ka tīmata anō te mahi. NPS14 ~ NPS36 ngā takirere kuaha rino maka, engari nā te pōuri ohaoha, te puhoi o te pakihi, me te whakakorenga o ngā mahi, kāore i taea e rātou te whakaora tae noa ki te pō i whakatūria ai a Haina Hou.
I te tau 1935, e rima ngā kaipupuri hea tae atu ki a Li Chenghai, he kaipakihi ā-motu, i whakatū tahi i te Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory (te mua o Tieling Valve Factory) i Shishiwei Road, Nancheng District, Shenyang City. Te whakatika me te hanga i ngā takirere. I te tau 1939, i nekehia te wheketere ki Beierma Road, Tiexi District mō te whakawhānui ake, ā, e rua ngā awheawhe nui mō te whakarewa me te miihini i hangaia. I te tau 1945, kua tipu ki te 400 ngā kaimahi, ā, ko āna hua matua ko: ngā kohua nui, ngā takirere parahi whakarewa, me ngā takirere kuaha rino whakarewa i raro i te whenua me te rahi ingoa i raro i te DN800. Ko te Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory he kaihanga takirere e raru ana ki te ora i Haina tawhito.
03 Te umanga takirere i muri
I te wā o te Pakanga Whakahē-Hapanihi, he maha ngā umanga i Shanghai me ētahi atu wāhi i neke ki te tonga-uru, nō reira i piki haere te maha o ngā umanga i Chongqing me ētahi atu wāhi i te rohe o muri, ā, ka tīmata te whanaketanga o te ahumahi. I te tau 1943, ka tīmata te Wheketere Mīhini o Chongqing Hongtai me te Wheketere Mīhini o Huachang (ko ngā wheketere e rua ngā mua o te Wheketere Takirere o Chongqing) ki te whakatika me te hanga i ngā wāhanga paipa me ngā takirere pēhanga-iti, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakawhanake i te hanga i te wā pakanga i te taha o muri me te whakaoti i ngā takirere ā-iwi. Whai muri i te wikitoria o te Pakanga Whakahē-Hapanihi, ka whakatuwheratia ngā Wheketere Taputapu o Lisheng, te Rōpū Ahumahi o Zhenxing, te Wheketere Taputapu o Jinshunhe me te Wheketere Taputapu o Qiyi ki te hanga takirere iti. Whai muri i te whakatūnga o Haina Hou, ka whakakotahihia ēnei wheketere ki te Wheketere Takirere o Chongqing.
I taua wā, ētahingā kaihanga takirerei Shanghai i haere hoki ki Tianjin, Nanjing me Wuxi ki te hanga wheketere hei whakatika me te hanga takirere. Ko ētahi wheketere taputapu, wheketere paipa rino, wheketere mīhini, wheketere kaipuke rānei i Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou me Guangzhou kua uru atu ki te whakatika me te hanga i ētahi takirere paipa.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-21-2022
